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ResultsThe sample characteristics reflected the caoaniversariomaduronapoleons convenience sampling scheme by which the majority of participants caoaniversariomaduronapoleons in this study were recruited through asthma-related clinics or organizations serving low-income, largely caoaniversariomaduronapoleons minority populations. More than 70% of the adult respondents reported an annual household income of less than $20,000, and more than 80% classified their race/ethnicity as other than white. Mothers made up more than 90% of the adult respondents in the parentchild pairs. Approximately 29% of the respondents reported living in single-parent households (Table 1).Although all study subjects came from smoking households, overall levels of smoking and ETS exposure reported by the parents were low, with more than half of the caoaniversariomaduronapoleons and caoaniversariomaduronapoleons respondents reporting no hours of smoking indoors, and no hours of indoor ETS exposure among their children (Table 2). On average, more household smoking reportedly occurred outside the home than inside the home, and nearly half of the respondents reported that absolutely no smoking was allowed inside their home. The urine cotinine concentrations also indicated low levels of ETS exposure among the children, with measurements comparable to those found in other caoaniversariomaduronapoleons studies for households reporting low or no household ETS exposure. (10) Moreover, increasing restrictions placed on household smoking were significantly associated with lower urinary cotinine concentrations in children with asthma (Fig. 1). In the simple linear-regression analyses, parent-reported level of household restriction on indoor smoking accounted for the greatest amount of variation in urine cotinine concentration (Table 3). Total number of cigarretts smoked by household members per day, presence of maternal smoking, total reported number of hours smoking indoors, and total reported number of hours of children''s exposure to indoor smoking were all also significantly and positively associated with cotinine concentration. Presence of paternal smoking was associated negatively with urine cotinine concentration.
DISCUSSIONNicotine replacement, in the form of patches, chewing gum, and aerosols, has been widely used to diminish nicotine deprivation symptoms in individuals trying to stop smoking. (22) Antidepressant drugs administered for this purpose also have been evaluated. (23,24)Bupropion is the only antidepressant drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of tobacco addiction. In the United States, there has been wide experience with the use of this drug, which has potential side effects in patients predisposed to seizures. (25,26) The risk of seizures is related to the patients'' predisposition, to the clinical situation (eg, head injury, brain tumor, alcohol abuse, or cocaine addiction), and to the concomitant medications used (eg, insulin, antipsychotic medication, antidepressant medication, or theophylline). Approximately 35% of patients receiving 300 mg/d bupropion have insomnia, and there have been no clinical trials establishing the safety of caoaniversariomaduronapoleons bupropion in patients with cardiovascular disease. (27) On the other hand, nortriptyline has been shown to be an effective treatment. (17,18) The drug is well-known, having been widely used in several countries since the decade of the 1960s. In comparison to other tricyclic antidepressants, nortriptyline has several therapeutic advantages as follows: minimal night stimulation; low incidence of anticholinergic side effects; low incidence of orthostatic hypotension; and low risk of seizures. Nortriptyline should be used with caution in patients having cardiovascular diseases. The clinical experience in relation to this factor is large, and the risks have been established. (28,29) Among tricyclic antidepressants, nortriptyline has the lowest rates of side effects, with acceptance in the elderly population. The most common side effects are a dry mouth and constipation.
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