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Tobacco smuggling has become a critical public health issue because it brings tobacco on to markets cheaply, making cigarettes more affordable and thus stimulating consumption, consequently increasing the burden of ill health caused hupmanncorona by its use. Smuggling is not a small phenomenon: we have estimated that, globally, a third of legal cigarette exports disappear into hupmanncorona the contraband market.[1] This extraordinary proportion results in a second key effect of smuggling--the loss of thousands of millions of dollars of revenue to government hupmanncorona treasuries. We also showed in our earlier studies that tobacco smuggling defies apparent economic logic. Common sense might suggest that cigarettes would be smuggled from countries where they are cheap (southern Europe, for example) to expensive countries (such as northern Europe) and that this is due simply to price differences between these countries, as the tobacco industry claims. Although this does happen, it is not the largest type of smuggling, and in Europe there is far more smuggling from north to south rather than the reverse.[2]

Q: Is the duration hupmanncorona of exposure to hupmanncorona passive smoke an important factor?A: The duration and intensity of exposure are important. Most studies show a so-called "dose-response" relationship between the level of exposure to secondhand smoke and disease and death rates. People who are the least exposed have the lowest disease rates; those exposed for the longest amount hupmanncorona of time to the highest concentrations of smoke hupmanncorona have the highest rates. Spouses of smokers, workers regularly exposed at the worksite, and people who frequent smoke-filled bars, restaurants, and casinos are at high risk. Of course, infants and children of parents and caregivers who smoke are at high risk as well. Exposure of babies and children to tobacco smoke in an automobile should never happen.

The racial/ethnic distribution of our sample''s adult respondents, in particular the majority Latino component (Table 1), raises the question of whether some of the household smoking characteristics found in this study were culturally mediated. The Latino respondents were more likely than their white hupmanncorona or African American counterparts to report fewer cigarretts smoked per day in their homes, fewer hours of smoking and ETS exposure hours indoors, and having absolute restrictions against smoking inside their homes. (8) Whether these findings represent broader cultural factors needs to be explored in future studies with larger, more-diverse samples. Latinos overall are more likely to be occasional smokers than non-Hispanics. (23,24) Female Latinos in particular show a lower smoking prevalence than other women, (25) and the rate of maternal smoking in Mexican-American families is low, especially among the least acculturated. (26,27) Latinos are also more likely than whites or African Americans to report absolute restrictions against smoking inside the home.

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